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<article id="post-TypeORM 快速入门" class="h-entry article article-type-post" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BlogPosting">
  
    
   
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        TypeORM 快速入门
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          <p>「这是我参与2022首次更文挑战的第19天，活动详情查看：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://juejin.cn/post/7052884569032392740" title="https://juejin.cn/post/7052884569032392740">2022首次更文挑战</a>」</p>
<h2 id="介绍"><a href="#介绍" class="headerlink" title="介绍"></a>介绍</h2><p>TypeORM 是一个ORM框架。ORM(Object–relational mapping) 是指对象关系映射，是一种将某种编程语言中的对象转换为其他不兼容系统中的数据。ORM最常见使用便是对象与数据库表之间的转换。</p>
<p>通常一个ORM框架会有这些能力：</p>
<ul>
<li>定义实体类</li>
<li>连接数据库</li>
<li>能够根据实体类结构生成表结构，或者能够根据表结构生成实体对象</li>
<li>生成curd代码或减少curd代码的编写</li>
</ul>
<p>本文介绍Node.js中最常用的ORM框架——TypeORM。</p>
<h2 id="初始化项目"><a href="#初始化项目" class="headerlink" title="初始化项目"></a>初始化项目</h2><p>TypeORM提供了很多方便的命令，因此首先全局安装typeorm</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm install typeorm -g</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>typeorm 的init命令可以快速创建一个项目：</p>
<figure class="highlight css"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">typeorm init <span class="attr">--name</span> typeorm-demo1 <span class="attr">--database</span> mysql</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>如果使用docker，可以加上<code>--docker</code>参数</p>
<figure class="highlight csharp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">typeorm <span class="keyword">init</span> --docker</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这会生成docker-compose.yml文件：</p>
<p><img src="./../imgs/3209f6a93a2248ca9199a589e075ee45.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<h3 id="目录结构"><a href="#目录结构" class="headerlink" title="目录结构"></a>目录结构</h3><p>使用init命令初始化的项目具有如下结构：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">├── src              <span class="comment">// TypeScript 代码</span></span><br><span class="line">│   ├── entity       <span class="comment">// 存储实体（数据库模型）的位置</span></span><br><span class="line">│   │   └── User.ts  <span class="comment">// 示例 entity</span></span><br><span class="line">│   ├── migration    <span class="comment">// 存储迁移的目录</span></span><br><span class="line">│   └── index.ts     <span class="comment">// 程序执行主文件</span></span><br><span class="line">├── .gitignore       <span class="comment">// gitignore文件</span></span><br><span class="line">├── ormconfig.json   <span class="comment">// ORM和数据库连接配置</span></span><br><span class="line">├── <span class="keyword">package</span>.json     <span class="comment">// node module 依赖</span></span><br><span class="line">├── README.md        <span class="comment">// 简单的 readme 文件</span></span><br><span class="line">└── tsconfig.json    <span class="comment">// TypeScript 编译选项</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>其中ormconfig.json文件定义了数据库连接的配置信息：</p>
<p><img src="./../imgs/f1f6b49c0a334c908a0b12e0c1066146.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<h2 id="创建实体"><a href="#创建实体" class="headerlink" title="创建实体"></a>创建实体</h2><p>一个实体类往往对应数据库中的一张表。我们可以使用<code>entity:create</code>命令创建一个实体类</p>
<figure class="highlight lua"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">typeorm entity:<span class="built_in">create</span> -n Teacher</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>typeorm会在配置文件中<code>entitiesDir</code>定义的位置生成一个空Entity。</p>
<figure class="highlight ts"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> &#123;<span class="title class_">Entity</span>&#125; <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">&quot;typeorm&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Entity</span>()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Teacher</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="声明表列-Column"><a href="#声明表列-Column" class="headerlink" title="声明表列@Column"></a>声明表列@Column</h3><p>假设Teacher类具有如下属性：</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Teacher</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">id</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">course</span>:<span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>我们需要使用<code>@Column</code>将这些属性映射到数据库表的列：</p>
<figure class="highlight ts"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Entity</span>()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Teacher</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@PrimaryGeneratedColumn</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">id</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Column</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Column</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">age</span>: <span class="built_in">number</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Column</span>()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">course</span>:<span class="built_in">string</span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="列的数据类型"><a href="#列的数据类型" class="headerlink" title="列的数据类型"></a>列的数据类型</h4><p>数据库中的列类型是根据你使用的属性类型推断的，例如： <code>number</code>将被转换为<code>integer</code>，<code>string</code>将转换为<code>varchar</code>,但也可以手动指定：</p>
<figure class="highlight less"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="variable">@Column</span>(&#123; <span class="attribute">type</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;varchar&#x27;</span>, <span class="attribute">length</span>: <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="attribute">nullable</span>: false, <span class="attribute">unique</span>: true &#125;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">@Column</span>(<span class="string">&quot;double&quot;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="variable">@Column</span>(<span class="string">&quot;text&quot;</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="主键字段"><a href="#主键字段" class="headerlink" title="主键字段"></a>主键字段</h4><p>每个实体类都必须有一个主键字段，主键字段使用<code>@PrimaryGeneratedColumn()</code>装饰</p>
<h4 id="自动生成的字段"><a href="#自动生成的字段" class="headerlink" title="自动生成的字段"></a>自动生成的字段</h4><p>如果主键是自动生成的，可以使用<code>@PrimaryGeneratedColumn()</code></p>
<h2 id="同步数据库"><a href="#同步数据库" class="headerlink" title="同步数据库"></a>同步数据库</h2><p><code>createConnection</code>可以连接数据库，并根据Entity创建响应的表：</p>
<figure class="highlight ini"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">createConnection().then(async <span class="attr">connection</span> =&gt; &#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    ...</span><br><span class="line">&#125;).catch(<span class="attr">error</span> =&gt; console.log(error))<span class="comment">;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>createConnection</code>可以手动传入数据库连接配置，但如果不传，会读取配置文件ormconfig.json中的内容。</p>
<p>workbench连接数据库后可以看到已经自动生成了表:</p>
<p><img src="./../imgs/0ed8b2854ce743ab80151ebbb15385ec.png" alt="image.png"></p>
<h3 id="使用cli同步数据库"><a href="#使用cli同步数据库" class="headerlink" title="使用cli同步数据库"></a>使用cli同步数据库</h3><p><code>schema:sync</code>可以同步数据库结构，但是在ts项目中不能直接运行<code>typeorm schema:sync</code>。</p>
<p>首先在package.json中增加script：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">&quot;typeorm&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="string">&quot;ts-node -r tsconfig-paths/register ./node_modules/typeorm/cli.js&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>然后就可以执行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">yarn typeorm schema:<span class="built_in">sync</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
        
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